Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years, while the Gregorian calendar gains 0.1 day over the same time. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains a day every 129 years. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. Worldwide adoption of this revised calendar, which became known as the Gregorian calendar, took place over the subsequent centuries, first in Catholic countries and subsequently in Protestant countries of the Western Christian world. The calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years until 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a minor modification to reduce the average length of the year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandria. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. This calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, a largely lunisolar one. The Julian calendar is still used in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers), whereas the Gregorian calendar is used in most parts of the world. The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). For the terms 'Julian date' and 'Julian Period', see Julian day. For the day-number calendar used for astronomical and historical calculations, see Julian day. This sparked the final round of civil wars that ended the Republic and brought about the elevation of Caesar's great nephew and designated heir, Octavian, as Augustus, the first emperor.This article is about a calendar used for civil and liturgical purposes. A group of these, led by Cassius and Brutus, assassinated Caesar on the Ides (15) of March 44 BC. His success and ambition alienated strongly republican senators. Dictatorship was always regarded a temporary position but in 44 BC, Caesar took it for life. He used his power to carry out much-needed reform, relieving debt, enlarging the senate, building the Forum Iulium and revising the calendar. Caesar followed him and became romantically involved with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra.Ĭaesar was now master of Rome and made himself consul and dictator. Pompey, their leader, fled to Egypt where he was assassinated. In the ensuing civil war Caesar defeated the republican forces. He made two expeditions to Britain, in 55 BC and 54 BC.Ĭaesar then returned to Italy, disregarding the authority of the senate and famously crossing the Rubicon river without disbanding his army. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul where he stayed for eight years, adding the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact with Pompey and Crassus, who helped him to get elected as consul for 59 BC. In 61-60 BC he served as governor of the Roman province of Spain. Caesar himself progressed within the Roman political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69), aedile (65) and praetor (62). His family were closely connected with the Marian faction in Roman politics. Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC into the prestigious Julian clan. © Caesar was a politician and general of the late Roman republic, who greatly extended the Roman empire before seizing power and making himself dictator of Rome, paving the way for the imperial system.
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